报表与分析练习

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Reporting and Analysis Practice (8 questions)

#practice #报表分析

📌Key Patterns (click to reveal)
Keyword Answer
ALV Grid Control SAP List Viewer — standardized, interactive table display with sorting, filtering, totaling
MMBE Stock Overview — displays stock across plants, storage locations, batch, and special stock
MB51 Material Movement List — shows history of goods movements for materials
ME2N/ME2M/ME2L PO reports by PO number, material, or vendor
LIS Layers Info structure → Update rules → Analysis (3 layers)
PURCHIS Purchasing Information System — LIS component for procurement analytics

Question 1 - ALV Grid Control [recall]

What is ALV Grid Control and what are its key features?

📌Show Answer
ALV Grid Control (SAP List Viewer) is a standardized tool in SAP for displaying data in tabular format with interactive features.

Key features:

  • Consistent display format across all SAP reports using ALV
  • Sorting: Sort data by any column (ascending/descending, single or multi-level)
  • Filtering: Apply complex filters to restrict displayed data
  • Totals and subtotals: Calculate sums and subtotals for numeric fields
  • Column management: Hide, show, reorder, and resize columns
  • Layout management: Save and reuse personalized layouts/variants
  • Export: Export data to spreadsheet (Excel), Word, or other formats
  • Drill-down: Double-click on rows to navigate to detailed information
  • Print: Formatted printing of report data
  • Aggregation: Summarize data at various grouping levels

ALV provides a uniform user experience across all SAP applications and reports, reducing training effort and improving usability.

Question 2 - Stock Overview Transaction [recall]

Which transaction displays the stock overview across storage locations, and what information does it show?

📌Show Answer
Transaction: MMBE (Stock Overview)

Information displayed:

  • Stock quantities organized in a hierarchical tree structure:
    • Plant level — Total stock per plant
    • Storage location level — Stock broken down by storage location
    • Batch level — Stock by batch (if batch-managed)
    • Special stock — Vendor consignment, customer stock, project stock, etc.

Stock types shown:

  • Unrestricted use stock (available for use)
  • Quality inspection stock (pending quality check)
  • Blocked stock (restricted from use)
  • In-transit stock (being moved between locations)

Key features:

  • Enter material number and plant to view stock
  • Can also view without plant (cross-plant overview)
  • Drill-down capability to see stock at each organizational level
  • Shows both quantity and value (depending on configuration)

Question 3 - Material Movement History [recall]

Which transaction shows the material movement history and what can it display?

📌Show Answer
Transaction: MB51 (Material Movement List)

Information displayed:

  • List of goods movements for a specified material or range of materials
  • Each movement shows:
    • Material document number and year
    • Posting date of the movement
    • Movement type (e.g., 101 = GR, 201 = consumption, 311 = transfer posting)
    • Quantity moved
    • Plant and storage location (from and to)
    • Vendor or customer (if applicable)
    • Purchase order number (if movement references a PO)
    • User who posted the movement

Selection criteria:

  • Material number
  • Plant
  • Movement type
  • Date range (posting date)
  • Storage location
  • Vendor/customer

MB51 is the primary tool for auditing and tracking the complete movement history of materials in the system.

Question 4 - Finding Open POs for a Vendor [application]

A buyer needs to find all open (not fully delivered) purchase orders for a specific vendor. Which transaction should be used and what are the key selection criteria?

📌Show Answer
Transaction: ME2L (Purchase Orders by Vendor)

Alternative: ME2N (by PO number) with vendor filter, but ME2L is designed for vendor-based searches.

Key selection criteria:

  1. Vendor (LIFNR): Enter the specific vendor number
  2. Purchasing Group (EKGRP): Optional — filter by buyer responsible
  3. Plant (WERKS): Optional — filter by receiving plant
  4. Document Date range: Optional — limit to POs created within a period
  5. Scope of List: Select appropriate list scope (e.g., “BEST” for open items)
  6. Dynamic selections: Can add more criteria like material group, purchasing organization

Finding OPEN POs specifically:

  • In the Scope of List field, select a variant that filters for open deliveries
  • Look for the “Open” indicator or delivery status column in the results
  • PO items with delivery status “Not yet delivered” or “Partially delivered” are open
  • The open quantity column shows remaining quantity to be delivered

Result interpretation:

  • The ALV list shows PO numbers, items, materials, quantities, and delivery status
  • Open POs have quantities where ordered > delivered
  • Can sort, filter, and export the results using standard ALV functions

Question 5 - LIS Three Layers [recall]

What are the three layers of the Logistics Information System (LIS)?

📌Show Answer
The three layers of LIS:

1. Info Structures (Communication Layer)

  • Central data containers that collect and store statistical data from transactions
  • Define which fields (characteristics and key figures) are captured
  • Info structures are configured in customizing
  • Examples: S012 (Purchasing), S013 (Vendor evaluation)
  • Characteristics = dimensions (vendor, material, plant, purchasing group, etc.)
  • Key figures = metrics (order value, delivery quantity, lead time, etc.)

2. Update Rules (Update Layer)

  • Define how data from business transactions flows into the info structures
  • Specify which transactions trigger updates (e.g., PO creation, GR posting, invoice)
  • Determine the timing of updates (synchronous or asynchronous)
  • Define aggregation rules (how data is summarized)
  • Can update at document level or aggregated level

3. Analyses (Analysis Layer)

  • Provide tools for evaluating and presenting the collected data
  • Standard analyses (predefined by SAP)
  • Flexible analyses (user-defined)
  • Features: drill-down, sorting, ranking, graphics, ABC analysis
  • Users interact with this layer for reporting and decision-making

Question 6 - Standard Reports vs LIS Analyses Comparison [analysis]

Compare standard reports (ALV-based transaction reports) with LIS analyses. When should each be used?

📌Show Answer
Comparison:
Aspect Standard Reports (ALV) LIS Analyses
Data source Direct from operational tables (online transaction data) From info structures (aggregated statistical data)
Data timeliness Real-time — shows current state Depends on update timing — may have a delay
Performance May be slower for large datasets (reads live data) Faster — reads pre-aggregated data
Scope Single-document focused (e.g., list of POs, list of movements) Cross-process analytics (e.g., purchasing trends, vendor performance)
Historical analysis Limited — primarily current data Strong — designed for trend analysis over time periods
Aggregation Basic totaling and subtotals Advanced aggregation across multiple dimensions
Drill-down To document level (PO, material doc) To characteristics (vendor, material group, period)
Customization Layout variants only Flexible analyses can be fully customized

When to use Standard Reports:

  • Operational tasks: Find specific POs, check current stock, review open items
  • Document-level queries: “Show me PO #4500000001”
  • Immediate answers: Need real-time data with no delay
  • Day-to-day operations: Routine purchasing and inventory management
  • Examples: ME2N, ME2L, MMBE, MB51

When to use LIS Analyses:

  • Strategic analysis: Purchasing trends, vendor performance over time
  • Management reporting: Aggregated KPIs, period comparisons, ABC analysis
  • Large data volumes: When standard reports would be too slow
  • Cross-functional analysis: Viewing procurement data across plants, vendors, and time periods
  • Examples: PURCHIS analyses, vendor ranking, purchasing group performance

Key insight: Standard reports answer “what is happening now?” while LIS analyses answer “what are the trends and patterns?”

Question 7 - PURCHIS [recall]

What is PURCHIS and what kind of analyses does it provide?

📌Show Answer
PURCHIS (Purchasing Information System) is the LIS component dedicated to procurement analytics.

Access transaction: MCCP or through Logistics → Materials Management → Purchasing → Reporting

Types of analyses provided:

  1. Standard Analyses:

    • Purchasing group analysis — Evaluate performance of purchasing groups
    • Vendor analysis — Rank and evaluate vendors by various criteria
    • Material analysis — Track procurement history for materials
    • Purchasing organization analysis — Compare across purchasing organizations
    • Plant analysis — Procurement analytics by receiving plant

  2. Key figures available:

    • Purchase order value and quantity
    • Delivery performance (on-time, complete)
    • Price development over time
    • Invoice verification statistics
    • Lead time analysis

  3. Analysis features:

    • Period comparison — Compare data across different time periods
    • ABC analysis — Classify vendors/materials by value or volume
    • Ranking — Rank vendors or materials by key figures
    • Graphics — Charts and graphs for visualization
    • Drill-down — Navigate from high-level summaries to detailed data

PURCHIS transforms raw purchasing transaction data into actionable business intelligence for procurement decision-making.

Question 8 - ABC Analysis of Vendors [application]

A purchasing manager wants to perform an ABC analysis of vendors by purchase volume. Which LIS component and analysis type should be used, and what are the key steps?

📌Show Answer
LIS Component: PURCHIS (Purchasing Information System)

Transaction: MCCP or navigate via Logistics → Materials Management → Purchasing → Reporting → PURCHIS

Steps to perform ABC analysis:

  1. Select the analysis type:

    • Choose Vendor Analysis (or equivalent standard analysis in PURCHIS)
    • This focuses the analysis on vendors as the primary characteristic

  2. Set selection criteria:

    • Purchasing organization — Restrict to relevant org
    • Period/Date range — Define the time frame (e.g., last 12 months)
    • Vendor range — Optionally restrict to specific vendors

  3. Choose key figure for ranking:

    • Select Purchase Order Value (net value) as the key figure
    • This ranks vendors by total purchase volume

  4. Execute the ABC analysis:

    • Use the ABC analysis function within the results
    • Define the classification thresholds:
      • A vendors: Top 70-80% of total purchase value (few vendors, high volume)
      • B vendors: Next 15-20% of value (moderate volume)
      • C vendors: Remaining 5-10% of value (many vendors, low volume)

  5. Interpret results:

    • A vendors (small number, high spend) — strategic partners, negotiate contracts, manage closely
    • B vendors (moderate number and spend) — maintain relationships, periodic review
    • C vendors (large number, low spend) — consider consolidation, simplify procurement

  6. Take action:

    • Focus negotiation efforts on A vendors
    • Consider vendor consolidation for C vendors
    • Set up contracts with high-volume A vendors
📌Pattern Summary (click to reveal)
Keyword Answer
ALV Grid Control Standardized interactive list display with sort, filter, total, export
MMBE Stock Overview — hierarchical stock by plant, SLoc, batch, stock type
MB51 Material Movement List — history of goods movements
ME2L PO report by vendor — for finding open POs per vendor
LIS 3 Layers Info structures → Update rules → Analyses
PURCHIS Purchasing Info System — procurement analytics (MCCP)
ABC Analysis Classify vendors/materials into A (high), B (medium), C (low) value groups
Standard vs LIS Standard = real-time operational; LIS = aggregated strategic/trend analysis