客户主数据

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Customer Master Data (客户主数据)

ℹ️Scope
This note covers customer master data structure, maintenance, and usage in SD processes.

What is Customer Master Data?

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Customer Master = Central record of all customer information

Customer master data contains all information required for business transactions with a customer. It is shared across multiple modules (SD, FI, etc.).

Master Data Structure (主数据结构)

Three-Part Structure

Customer master is organized into three views, each maintained by different departments:

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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                  CUSTOMER MASTER                        │
├──────────────┬──────────────────┬───────────────────────┤
│ Basic Data   │ Company Code     │ Sales Area Data       │
│ (基本数据)    │ Data (公司代码)  │ (销售区域数据)         │
├──────────────┼──────────────────┼───────────────────────┤
│ - Address    │ - Reconciliation │ - Sales data          │
│ - Name       │   account        │ - Shipping data       │
│ - Language   │ - Payment terms  │ - Billing data        │
│ - Telephone  │ - Payment methods│ - Partner functions   │
│ - E-mail     │ - Interest calc  │ - Pricing data        │
│              │ - Dunning        │ - Output determination│
│              │ - Insurance      │                       │
├──────────────┴──────────────────┴───────────────────────┤
│   One-time customer data (if applicable)                │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Basic Data View (基本数据视图)

Attribute Description Maintenance
Address Street, city, postal code, country Central
Name Customer name (1, 2, 3, 4) Central
Communication Telephone, fax, e-mail, internet Central
Language Customer correspondence language Central
Currency Customer currency for pricing Central
Industry Industry classification Central
💡Central Maintenance
Basic data is maintained once and is valid for all company codes and sales areas.

Company Code Data View (公司代码数据视图)

Attribute Description Purpose
Reconciliation Account FI account for customer postings FI integration
Payment Terms Terms for payment (e.g., net 30 days) Dunning, interest calc
Payment Methods Allowed payment methods (check, transfer, etc.) Payment processing
Interest Calculation Interest indicator for arrears Interest calculation
Dunning Area Dunning procedure for customer Dunning process
Insurance Insurance indicator (Germany) statutory reporting
Head Office Link to head office account Intercompany billing
📌FI Relevance
Company code data is mandatory for FI postings. Without this, you cannot bill the customer.

Sales Area Data View (销售区域数据视图)

Sales Data (销售数据)

Field Description
Sales Office Sales office responsible
Sales Group Sales group within sales office
Customer Pricing Procedure Pricing procedure for this customer
Customer Group Customer group for statistics/pricing
Price Group Price group for material pricing
Currency Sales currency for this customer

Shipping Data (装运数据)

Field Description
Shipping Conditions Determines shipping point
Loading Group Determines shipping point (with plant)
Delivering Plant Default delivering plant
Partial Delivery Allowed/not allowed
Complete Delivery Required/not required
Max. Partial Deliveries Maximum number of partial deliveries
Transportation Zone Determines route

Billing Data (开票数据)

Field Description
Pricing Procedure Pricing procedure for billing
Incoterms International delivery terms
Tax Classification Tax category (e.g., domestic, EU, export)
Account Assignment Account assignment group for FI

Partner Functions (合作伙伴功能)

Partner Description Mandatory
Sold-to Party Customer who orders Yes (always)
Ship-to Party Customer who receives Yes (default = sold-to)
Bill-to Party Customer who is billed Yes (default = sold-to)
Payer Customer who pays Yes (default = sold-to)
💥Different Partners
  • Sold-to: Chain headquarters (places orders)
  • Ship-to: Individual store locations (receive goods)
  • Bill-to: Chain headquarters (receives invoice)
  • Payer: Corporate treasury (makes payment)

Account Groups (账户组)

What is Account Group?

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Account Group = Controls customer master data properties

Account Group Functions

Function Description
Number Assignment Internal (automatic) or External (manual)
One-Time Account Whether this is a one-time customer
Field Status Which fields are mandatory/optional/suppressed

Standard Account Groups

Account Group Description Number Range
0001 Sold-to parties Internal/External
0002 Ship-to parties Internal/External
0003 Payers Internal/External
0004 Bill-to parties Internal/External
ZAGR One-time customers Internal/External
⚠️Critical Rule
You cannot change the account group after customer master is created. Choose carefully!

Number Assignment (编号分配)

Internal Number Assignment (内部编号)

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System automatically assigns the next available number
Attribute Description
Control By account group
User Action No input required
Gap-free Numbers are gap-free
Advantage Fast, error-free
Disadvantage Numbers have no meaning

External Number Assignment (外部编号)

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User must enter a unique customer number
Attribute Description
Control By account group
User Action Must enter unique number
Gap-free Numbers can have gaps
Advantage Numbers can have meaning (e.g., customer code)
Disadvantage Manual entry, possible duplicates

One-Time Customers (一次性客户)

What is One-Time Customer?

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One-Time Customer = Single master record for multiple customers

Usage Scenario

When to Use Description
Occasional Customers Customers you rarely do business with
No Master Data You don’t want to maintain full master records
Walk-in Sales Cash sales, counter sales

How It Works

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One-Time Customer (Master)
    ↓
Customer Data at Document Level
    ├─ Customer 1 (specific name, address)
    ├─ Customer 2 (specific name, address)
    └─ Customer 3 (specific name, address)
📌One-Time Customer Data
  • Master Record: Minimal data (account group flags)
  • Document Data: Full customer data entered in each sales document
  • Statistics: Aggregated under one-time customer

Master Data Maintenance (主数据维护)

Transactions

Transaction Description
XD01 Create customer
XD02 Change customer
XD03 Display customer
XD04 Change customer (company code)
XD05 Change customer (sales)
XD06 Change customer (shipping)
XD07 Change customer (billing)
VD01 Create customer (sales)
VD02 Change customer (sales)
VD03 Display customer (sales)
FD01 Create customer (FI)

Maintenance Levels

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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                   MAINTENANCE                           │
├──────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┤
│ Specific             │ Combined                         │
│ ┌────────────────┐  │ ┌──────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ XD01 - All     │  │ │ XD01 - Basic Data            │ │
│ │ XD02 - All     │  │ │ VD01 - Sales Area Data       │ │
│ │ XD03 - All     │  │ │ FD01 - Company Code Data     │ │
│ └────────────────┘  │ └──────────────────────────────┘ │
└──────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘

Customer Master in Sales Process (销售流程中的客户主数据)

Usage Points

Process Step Customer Data Used
Sales Order - Pricing procedure
- Payment terms
- Shipping conditions
- Partner functions
Delivery - Shipping conditions
- Transportation zone
- Delivering plant
Billing - Incoterms
- Tax classification
- Account assignment
FI Posting - Reconciliation account
- Payment terms
- Payment methods

Blocked Customers (被冻结的客户)

Blocking Reasons

Block Description Effect
Delivery Block Customer blocked for delivery Cannot create delivery
Billing Block Customer blocked for billing Cannot create billing document
Post All Customer blocked for all transactions No SD processing
⚠️Credit Management
  • Automatic blocking when credit limit exceeded
  • Manual blocking for payment issues
    | - Requires credit department release

Summary Diagram

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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│              CUSTOMER MASTER RECORD                     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                           │
│  BASIC DATA (All modules)                                │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐    │
│  │ - Customer Number (Internal/External)           │    │
│  │ - Account Group                                 │    │
│  │ - Name, Address, Communication                  │    │
│  │ - Language, Currency                            │    │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘    │
│                                                           │
│  COMPANY CODE DATA (FI)                                  │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐    │
│  │ - Reconciliation Account                         │    │
│  │ - Payment Terms, Methods                         │    │
│  │ - Interest, Dunning                              │    │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘    │
│                                                           │
│  SALES AREA DATA (SD)                                   │
│  ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐    │
│  │ - Sales, Shipping, Billing Data                 │    │
│  │ - Partner Functions                             │    │
│  │ - Pricing Data                                  │    │
│  │ - Output Determination                          │    │
│  └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘    │
│                                                           │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Account Group determines:
  - Number assignment (Internal/External)
  - Field status (Mandatory/Optional)
  - One-time customer status
  • [[03-Master-Data/Material-Master]] → Material master data
  • [[03-Master-Data/Customer-Material-Info]] → Customer-material info record
  • [[03-Master-Data/Condition-Records]] → Condition records
  • [[03-Master-Data/Practice-03-05-Master-Data]] → Practice exercises
  • [[03-Master-Data/Practice-03-05-Master-Data]]